LEP and Abdominal obesity: In participants with leptin levels higher than the reference intervals, significantly higher levels of HOMA-IR, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), UA, a higher proportion of central obesity (waist circumference [WC] > 90 cm), and metabolic syndrome were found in men, and significantly higher levels of HOMA-IR, UA and a higher proportion of central obesity (WC > 85 cm) were found in women.