Among women with a BMI of 20 to < 25, participants with leptin > 97.5th had significantly higher levels of HOMA-IR, UA and a higher proportion of central obesity (WC > 85 cm) compared to participants with leptin levels of 2.5th to ≤ 97.5th (Additional file 1: Table S3). Here, LEP is linked to Abdominal obesity.