VTCN1 and neoplasm: B7-H4 was reported to be expressed in various tumor types, such as spleen, lung, thymus, ovarian, breast, melanoma, gastric and renal cell carcinoma, NSCLC, esophageal, endometrial cancer, colorectal and pancreatic cancer and has mostly been associated with worse clinical outcome across various cancer types (Xu et al. 2016; Meng et al. 2017; Ding et al. 2021).