Under infection, stress or injury conditions, TLRs recruit specific adaptors such as myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88), MYD88-adaptor-like (MAL, also known as TIR domain-containing adaptor protein or TIRAP), which contains the adaptor protein of the TIR domain induces interferon-β (TRIF), TRIF-related adaptor molecules (TRAMs) and SARM protein (sterile-α-and armadillo motif-containing protein) to induce downstream inflammation cascades and the production of type 1 interferon (93, 94). The gene discussed is TIRAP; the disease is infection.