In the pairwise comparison between the two nivolumab combination therapies, the probability of nivolumab plus chemotherapy being cost-effectiveness was 4.72% and 41.26% in overall and PD-L1-positive advanced ESCC patients at the WTP threshold of $38,351.20 per QALY, respectively, compared with nivolumab plus ipilimumab (Supplementary Figures 16, 17). Here, CD274 is linked to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.