INS and early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease: At the same time, hyperglycemia can lead to the accumulation of advanced glycation and products (i.e., the primary contributor to insulin resistance in diabetic cells), and brain insulin resistance is a key factor in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease by interacting with key proteins affected in neurodegenerative conditions (e.g., amyloid-beta precursor protein) [39, 40].