INS and gestational diabetes: Fasting insulin (FINS) and homeostasis model assessment index for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in the GDM group were significantly higher than those in control group, but lower than those in the PGDM group (P < 0.01), while the level of HOMA-β was lower in the GDM group than that in the control group and higher than that in PGDM (P < 0.01).