SOD1 and Alzheimer disease: Recent studies have shown that saikosaponins have multiple effects on inflammation, antioxidant balance, and injury: SSd can inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulate the expression of antioxidant enzymes, namely, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA); SSa and SSd can also inhibit the expression of inflammatory factors in mouse macrophages induced by LPS, indicating that saikosaponins may be used to treat AD through antioxidation and inhibition of neuroinflammation (Kim, 2018).