TGFB1 and cancer: Grzmil et al. (2011) reported that SMAD2 is a of importance component associated with the TGF-β signaling pathway. They provided an insight into the MKN1 pathway and the mode of control of the translation process associated with the cancer-related mRNA, including SMAD2. In addition, they also suggested that the MNK1-controlled translation pathway should be used to develop targeting strategies which can even be used to effectively treat GBM (Figure 9).