TNF and cancer: Results of clinical studies have shown that the expression of checkpoint inhibitors in CAR-T cells can be beneficial.30,31 A team of researchers fused MSLN-CAR-T cells with adenovirus expressing TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and IL-2 for the treatment of human and animal models that have improved the antitumor effects of engineered cells.32 Due to the limitations of therapeutic alternatives to cancer therapy and the effectiveness of CAR-T cells in various cancers, the removal of TME components that suppress the immune system’s role in treating different cancers may be a good option.