MS4A1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: To further validate these findings, we classified the HCC tumors from two independent HCC cohorts (TCGA-LIHC and Fudan) into two groups: TLShigh and TLSlow and found that the inferred abundances of CD4+ TCM (C35) and CD20+ B cells (C20) are significantly higher in TLShigh tumors as compared to TLSlow ones (Fig. 2c and Supplementary Fig. 4c, d).