KRAS and neoplasm: Despite much effort, targeted therapiesthat directly inhibit signalling pathways downstream of KRAS have shown limitedsuccess in the clinic for NSCLC patients (4).However, the recent emergence of immune checkpoint blockade (primarily anti-PD(L)-1agents), which can reverse tumour-driven immune suppression and unleash powerfulanti-tumour immune responses, has transformed the treatment of NSCLC, achievingdurable responses in some patients (5).Unfortunately, as seen in other tumour types, only a subset of patients responds toimmune checkpoint blockade (ICB).