A key mechanism of how the PVAT drives chronic vascular disease is via the release of paracrine factors [10] including the pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), both of which negatively affect the vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial cells, resulting in the initiation of vascular inflammation [16,18]. Here, IL6 is linked to inflammation.