Moreover, IAV infection induced the expression of the anti-viral mediator IFN-γ, which was associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction at 1 d.p.i. We also identified an influx of pro-inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils to the PVAT following infection, and a preferential infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to the PVAT. Here, CD4 is linked to infection.