Ex vivo primary AML cells co-cultured with MSCs explanted from healthy donors demonstrated that blockade of TGFb with the antibody-based inhibitor further enhanced cytarabine (Ara-C) induced apoptosis of AML cells in normoxic and hypoxic conditions [271], the latter is reputed to contribute to leukemic cell survival [272]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and acute myeloid leukemia.