Moreover, it has been reported both PDE4- and PDE7-selective, as well as PDE4/7 dual inhibitors, have the potential to ameliorate disease symptoms, decrease the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators, and increase the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines in animal models of autoimmune disorders, including rats with CIA and mice with concanavalin-A-induced hepatitis or MOG35–55-induced encephalomyelitis [29, 37–39]. Here, PDE7A is linked to hepatitis A virus infection.