Additionally, our recent research revealed that the transcript levels of Nile tilapia TLR18 (27) and TLR25 (28) were elevated in the head kidney during bacterial infection and that these two fish-specific TLRs can physically interact with both MyD88 and TRIF, adding the possibility that they may recognize (unknown) bacteria-derived ligands and launch the production of proinflammatory cytokines and type I IFNs after activation. Here, MYD88 is linked to bacterial infectious disease.