ROS further activate the downstream ubiquitin proteasome system by activating NF-κB, P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK), and FOXO transcription factors in COPD patients (Powers et al., 2010; Liu et al., 2011; Bernardo et al., 2015). The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.