COVID-19 causes a cytokine storm (e.g., interferon-alpha, interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, IL-33, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor-β, a central tenet that exacerbates the severity of COVID-19 (33). Here, TNF is linked to COVID-19.