The results of our study are also consistent with finding that mice overexpressing human DYRK1A or mouse Dyrk1a, have similar motor and cognitive deficits reinforcing triplication of DYRK1A is likely to contribute to these behavioural deficits in DS and AD-DS (Altafaj et al., 2001; Martínez de Lagrán et al., 2004; Ortiz-Abalia et al., 2008; Arque et al., 2013; Souchet et al., 2014; García-Cerro et al., 2017; Watson-Scales et al., 2018). This evidence concerns the gene DYRK1A and cognition.