Further analyses of the genes involved in the downregulated pathways showed that genes linked to prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis (ALOX5, ALOX15, ALOX5AP, PTGS2), pattern recognition (NOD2, TIFA), TH17 differentiation (IRAK1) and colon carcinogenesis (MAPKAPK2, MAP2K3) were upregulated in active IBD (Figure 2C). Here, MAP2K3 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.