VEGFA and breast cancer: Rab27a contributes to the invasive and metastatic phenotype in the breast cancer cells by promoting the secretion of insulin-like growth factor-II, which modulates the activity of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cathepsin D, cyclin D1, urokinase-type plasminogen activator and MMP-9 [26] (Fig. 2A).