Indeed, several of the R-loop-forming genes we identified in NSPCs show rearrangements and mutations in human low-grade and high-grade gliomas, including Raf1, Daxx, Fgfr1, Lztr1, and H3F3A (Fig. S8B)46–48, which warrants further studies of the role of R-loops in brain cancer development. Here, RAF1 is linked to central nervous system cancer.