In agreement with the cell infection assay results shown in Fig. 3a, ectopic expression of either YspE1 or YspE2 led to the specific degradation of hGBP1, 2, 5 and 6, suggesting that the two E3 ligases have the identical substrates preference and are functionally redundant for hGBPs degradations. The gene discussed is GBP1; the disease is infection.