GBP1 and infection: Y. pestis ΔyspE2 but not the wild type was found to be colocalized with hGBP1 due to the degradation by YspE1/2, and live microscopy analysis indicated GFP-hGBP1 remained stable during infection and the number of ΔyspE2 decreased significantly, in sharp contrast to the experimental phenomena observed in the cells infected with the wild type Y. pestis that GFP-hGBP1 attenuated rapidly post infection, accompanied with high numbers of bacteria (Fig. 6).