In conclusion, we find that markers of vitamin D deficiency, GH-IGF-1 axis disorders, bioactive sex hormone deficiency, reduced liver function, renal abnormalities, oxidation, insulin resistance, immune dysbiosis, and lipids dysregulation are associated with incident dementia in a large population-based cohort, supporting additional potential biomarkers and biological pathways to improve early detection and prevention of dementia patients. Here, GH1 is linked to vitamin D deficiency.