In addition, ibuprofen (NSAID) treatment reduced anxiety symptoms in a rat model of PTSD while decreasing expression of TNF-α and IL-1β and increasing BDNF expression in the hippocampus, suggesting that the therapeutic effect of ibuprofen on PTSD was mediated by decreased anti-inflammatory activity and increased BDNF levels in the brain [199]. The gene discussed is BDNF; the disease is post-traumatic stress disorder.