Byincorporating pro-ligands LLP2A and R848 to the in vivo transformable nanofibrillar networks, we have already demonstratedin syngeneic 4T1 breast cancer and Lewis lung cancer models that thisnontoxic treatment can (1) significantly enhance the capturing ofTeff cells (CD8+ T cells) in the tumor region,(2) promote retention of T cells at close proximity to the tumor cells,and (3) provide sustained release of R848 at the TME, resulting inthe significant enhancement of the efficacy of the anti-PD1 antibody-basedICB. This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and neoplasm.