Compared with AFP, which lacked sufficient sensitivity in the detection (33, 34), the SPINK1 and SPINK1+AFP models provided higher AUC values with similar specificity and a much higher sensitivity for patients with HCC (AUC = 0.83 vs. 0.84 vs. 0.66, specificity = 87.6% vs. 83.0% vs. 88.4%, sensitivity = 70% vs. 77.8.1% vs. 49.5%) (Figure 2A). Here, AFP is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.