The SPINK1 and SPINK1+AFP models exhibited a higher discriminatory efficacy than did AFP alone in stage I and II tumor samples: AUC = 0.72:0.72:0.53, specificity = 92.0%:92.4%:90.6%, sensitivity = 46.9%:45.7%:23.4% (Figure 4A). Here, SPINK1 is linked to neoplasm.