Among eight genes in the prognostic model, CD46 was reported to be a key costimulatory molecule on CD4+ T lymphocytes and could facilitate the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into T regulatory 1 cells (Tr1 cells) secreting interleukin-10 (IL-10) and regulate the tumour immune microenvironment (TIME) (42, 43). Here, CD46 is linked to neoplasm.