AHSG and metabolic disease: Furthermore, fetuin-A plays a key role in the pathogenesis of several metabolic disorders such as IR, T2DM, NAFLD, CVDs, and autoimmune disorders; breast tumor cell proliferative signaling; brain disorders such as ischemic stroke and neurodegenerative disease and more recently, psoriasis (Kettler et al., 2003; Wojtysiak-Duma et al., 2010; Mori et al., 2012; Sardana et al., 2021; Abebe et al., 2022).