AHSG and atherosclerosis: Different clinical studies revealed the pro-inflammatory effects of fetuin-A by demonstrating increased levels of fetuin-A in patients with metabolic syndrome, IR, T2DM, obesity, early-stage atherosclerosis, CVD such as coronary artery disease and peripheral artery disease, and NAFLD (Mathews et al., 2002; Stefan et al., 2006a; Mori et al., 2006; Sardana et al., 2021).