AHSG and brain disorder: Fetuin-A has also been found to have a key role in the development of various clinical conditions, such as insulin resistance (IR), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), metabolic disorders, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), tumors, and brain disorders (Kettler et al., 2003; Wojtysiak-Duma et al., 2010; Mori et al., 2012; Sardana et al., 2021).