T helper 17 (Th17) cell infiltration is also observed in PBC, accompanied by increased interleukin IL-6, IL-17, and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β) cytokines targeting damaged cholangiocytes, leading PBC to an advanced fibrosis stage (Rong et al., 2009; Yang et al., 2014; Gulamhusein and Hirschfield, 2020). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and primary biliary cholangitis.