TNF and graft versus host disease: Kim and Hematti (2009) indicated that macrophages can be educated to an anti-inflammatory state (MSC-educated macrophages, MEM) expressing high IL-10 and IL-6 and low IL-12 and TNF-α levels in vitro (Kim and Hematti, 2009). Their group further demonstrated that MEMs express high IL-6 and are protective in lethal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and radiation injury models (Bouchlaka et al., 2017).