Although PD-L1 expression and tumor mutational burden (TMB) have been reported as potential predictors allowing for therapeutic effect prediction for ICIs, even among lung cancer patients with positive PD-L1 (TPS ≥ 1%) or high expression (TPS ≥ 50%), only 10–20% of patients could benefit from ICIs (6, 7). Here, CD274 is linked to lung carcinoma.