KRAS and colorectal carcinoma: KRAS mutations are common in a variety of cancers, for example, 45% of CRC cases in the United States and 49% of CRC cases in China; ∼90% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in the United States, and ∼89% in China; and 35% of lung adenocarcinomas (LUAD, a subtype of non-small-cell lung cancer) in the United States, and ∼13% in China (Fig. 1 for US data) [26].