Pathway enrichment analysis also confirmed that dysregulation of CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL9, DDX60, EPSTI1, IFI27, IFI44, IFIT2, IFIT3, ISG15, SAMD9L, and SAMHD1 genes in COVID-19 patients results in activation of interferon-alpha and gamma signaling pathways compared to HC and non-viral groups (Fig. 4C). This evidence concerns the gene ISG15 and COVID-19.