Certainly, the decrease of kidney stones itself reduces renal cell injury, and thus, may reduce the production of DAMPs, as evident by the reduction of S100A9 in the kidney at a certain level even by rOPN, pAA5.1, or D9E3 peptide, which are impotent to remove DAMPs (Fig. 5). The gene discussed is S100A9; the disease is nephrolithiasis.