In our previous study, we compared the effect of preconditioning in GMSCs using LPS, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and acetylsalicylic acid and observed that TNF-α-stimulated GMSC-derived EVs significantly enhanced M2 activation, thereby exerting therapeutic effects in both wound healing and periodontal disease mouse models16. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and periodontal disorder.