Notably, the multiplicity of infection (MOI) of bacterial cells:host cells in these assays (100:1) are at the lower range observed for E. faecalis microcolonies adherent to the intestinal wall in vivo studies in mice.25 Furthermore, we observed no acidification of the cell culture medium using killed E. faecium SF68, indicating that the NF-κB inhibition was not the result of accumulation of acidic metabolites derived from glycolysis such as acetate or lactate. The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is infection.