Both expression levels were significantly higher in individuals with periodontitis compared with those without periodontitis.16 Another study was conducted to evaluate the effect of surgical flaps on the concentrations of IL-1β and TGF-β in the GCF of patients with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis.17 Flap surgery led to a significant reduction of the IL-1β concentration. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is chronic periodontitis.