In the liver transplanted patient with HBV-HCC recurrence [42], infusions of mRNA HBV-TCR T cells caused an observable on-treatment reduction of tumour secreted AFP and off-treatment rebound, consistent with the results from in vivo pre-clinical murine xenograft model of HBV-HCC where tumour progression was halted only with continued mRNA HBV-TCR T-cell infusions [43]. Here, AFP is linked to neoplasm.