TP53 and glioblastoma: Senescence is primarily regulated by two central pathways: p53/p21WAF1/Cip1 and p16INK4A/Rb8,10,11. Importantly, we have previously identified sex differences in the regulation of p21, p16, and Rb in a GBM model, with female cells being more likely to upregulate these pathways in response to cellular stress13,14.