Because gut microbial dysbiosis is often accompanied by abnormal expression of inflammatory cytokines[40], we evaluated the protein levels of TNF-ɑ and IL-6 in colon tissues and confirmed that expression of TNF-ɑ and IL-6 increased in the IBS group compared with the control group (TNF-ɑ: P < 0.01 and IL-6: P < 0.01, respectively). Here, TNF is linked to irritable bowel syndrome.