As shown in Fig. 6a, b, NIR-PMC treatment significantly ameliorated HIF-1α and adenosine production, enhanced CD4 expression, and reduced CD39, CD206, CD73 and A2AR expressions in tumour sections; this indicated that T helper cells, B cells, and NK cells were activated and that differentiation of M1 macrophages in the tumour microenvironment occurred45,46. Here, NT5E is linked to neoplasm.