GDF15 and atherosclerosis: Further, GDF15 plasma levels were significantly associated with cardiovascular diseases (OR = 1.2, CI = 1.1–1.2, p-value = 5.6 × 10–6), as well as subtype endpoints such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, peripheral artery (PAD) disease and stroke, and chronic kidney disease (OR = 2.46, CI = 2.1–2.8, p-value = 4.4 × 10–6:Table 1).