TNF and atherosclerosis: Furthermore, among the four narrative reviews, one review explained the association between TNFi therapy and CHF, one review explained the systemic effects of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and its subsequent blockade leading to cardiovascular disease risk, one review narrated the mechanism behind increased levels of anticardiolipin antibodies with TNF-alpha blockade leading to increased CVD, and one review mentioned in detail the effect of using TNFi therapy on the mechanism of atherosclerosis.