The current diabetes-associated CKD prediction models include conventional risk factors like age, gender, ethnicity, in addition to eGFR, uACR, haemoglobin, blood pressure, serum albumin, creatinine, calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonate [58–60, 62], as well as non-conventional factors like certain single-nucleotide polymorphisms [57], troponin T and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide [63], making them less than ideal for LMICs. Here, ALB is linked to diabetes mellitus.