Incubation of MCF7 cells with TβRII+ EVs up-regulated TGF-β-SMAD3/4 target genes to a level similar as with TGF-β treatment, including key transcriptional inducers of EMT and markers of cancer stemness (Fig. 4h and Supplementary Fig. 3c, d). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is cancer.