PDCD1 and neoplasm: We also observed that TβRII+ EVs could led to a reduced cytotoxicity of tumor-infiltrating T cells (IFNγ+ or GZMB+ of CD8+ cells) and an increased exhaustion of tumor-infiltrating T cells (IFNγ+ or PD1+ of CD8+ cells) and a reduced fraction of FOXP3+ T regulatory cells in doxycycline-treated mice (Supplementary Fig. 6f).