ABCC1 and cancer: Targeting orthogonal pathways by using combinations of signal transduction or angiogenesis inhibitors (e.g., targeting Tyr kinase oncogenes), regulators of apoptosis (e.g., MUC1/16, a negative regulator of intrinsic apoptotic pathways), and inhibitors of drug efflux proteins (e.g., ABCC1 or multidrug resistance associated protein-MRP1), can be further explored to selectively attack or eliminate the cancer cells.