Among them, 10 cytokines differed in concentration between SLE patients and controls, including 6 cytokines (eotaxin, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, IL-8, IL-17, inducible protein-10 [IP-10], and macrophage inflammatory proteins-1b [MIP-1b]) significantly more abundant in SLE patients and 4 cytokines (IL-2, IL-5 IL-12, and IL-13) significantly less abundant in SLE patients (Fig. 5A; Padj < 0.05). This evidence concerns the gene CSF3 and systemic lupus erythematosus.