EGF and malignant colon neoplasm: A study focused on the TME in colon cancer observed that co-culturing macrophages with colon cancer cells stimulated the release of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in CRC cells, which activated the EGFR/PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways, resulting in a polarization of TAMs into M2 phenotype (158).