MDM2 and hepatocellular carcinoma: On one hand, HBx can induce the formation of HBx-p62-Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) complex in the cytoplasm, promoting the PPP pathway by activating nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) and subsequent transcription upregulation of G6PD (65); On the other hand, HBx can inhibit the expression of Glycogen synthase 2 (GYS2), an inhibitor of MDM2-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of p53, in HBV-related HCC by forming a HBx/histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) complex to promote the progress of HCC, exhibiting an antagonistic effect on glycogen synthesis (66).