VEGFA and neoplasm: These include downregulation of antigen-presenting machinery including MHC-1 (51), overexpression of immune-inhibitory molecules such as PD-L1 (52), induction of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment enriched for regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (53–55) and secretion of directly immunosuppressive factors such as IL-10, Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β), gangliosides, prostaglandin E2, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (56–60).