Astrocytes and glia-neurons affected by mast cell proteases and mast cells affected by GMF and MPP+ are activated through ERK1/2 MAPKs and NF-κB pathways  and release IL-33  MPTP-induced mast cells secrete CCL2 and express UDP4 which are both significant in the pathogenesis of PD. Here, MAPK3 is linked to Parkinson disease.