TLR4 and Parkinson disease: Furthermore, TLR4 agonists can cause necroptosis, which leads to cell death and release of their intracellular contents triggering innate immune responses and neuroinflammation (Yu et al., 2021); therefore, TLR4 antagonists could have therapeutic potential in PD and other neuroinflammatory disorders as already summarized by Leitner et al. (2019).