This sequence of events ultimately leads to the release of TNF-α and IL-1β by the microglia, two potent pro-inflammatory cytokines that are known to play a role in the pathogenesis of PD (Gustot et al., 2015; Zhou et al., 2016; Panicker et al., 2019; Trudler et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and Parkinson disease.